Luke Lucas s Design And Typography At The Sydney School...

Luke Lucas went to university for graphic design and typography at the Melbourne School of Art Diploma. At first when Luke and his best friend where teenages they started a magazine called Forinarow. As years went by Luke then moved to start a different magazine advertising he own pieces of art. Over the last few years Luke has been working as an expert with majority of his work coming from people overseas. Most of the communication that Luke does with his clients is done over Skype calls or emails. His works have been shown worldwide in many different countries. Luke tools vary on the design brief that he uses. He normally lightly sketches his ideas and plans on paper. Depending on the project he is working on the final plan may be done†¦show more content†¦The magazine has been published worldwide, going to 14 countries. Luke was also the founder and creative director of Lifelounge and he designed 2 covers of New York s best selling author, Lauren Kate, the books were called Tear Drop and Water Fall. Luke was born on december the 14th in 1975 and he is now 41 years old. He grew up spending most of his time in the northern beaches of sydney but now he has moved to melbourne and spent most of his time living and working there with his new, growing family. In 2011, Luke was still working for magazines riding skateboards but then at that time Luke and his wife has their first child. Luke made the decision to quit skateboarding for magazines and spend more time with his family and start a full time freelance career on typography, which he loved doing and was very passionate about. Design Process: Luke’s design process normally starts off with a brief with 20 pages of words and sometimes just a bunch of pictures. He starts with talking to the clients to see what they would like the design to look like. Luke then creates a few different styles that he can take to the clients to see which they like the best. He does this by just doing really loose sketches for ideas he s going to make so he can roughly understand what he has to do. Then he will start to adjust and improve it by tracing it to make it better, vectorizing it and refine it. The vector draft is to show

Essay on Juveniles in Adult Prisons - 1612 Words

Juveniles in Adult Prisons A deep look into juveniles in adult prisons. Touch bases on several smaller issues that contribute to juveniles being in and effects of adult prisons. The United States Bureau of Prisons handles two hundred and thirty-nine juveniles and their average age is seventeen. Execution of juveniles, The United States is one of only six countries to execute juveniles. There are sixty-eight juveniles sitting on death row for crimes committed as juveniles. Forty-three of those inmates are minorities. People, who are too young to vote, drink alcohol, or drive are held to the same standard of responsibility as adults. In prisons, they argue that the juveniles become targets of older, more hardened criminals. Brian†¦show more content†¦Some jurisdictions require the child to be over a certain age and charged with a felony, while others permit waiver if the child is over a certain age regardless of offense. Still yet, others have no conditions. Juveniles can be tried in all stated in one o f three ways: 1. Concurrent Jurisdiction: the prosecutor has the discretion of filing charge offenses in either juvenile or criminal court. 2. Excluded offenses: the legislature excludes from juvenile court jurisdiction certain offenses that are either very minor, such as traffic or fishing violations, or very serious, such as murder or rape. 3. Judicial waiver: the juvenile court waives its jurisdiction and transfers the case to criminal court. Barry Feld, Juvenile Law Scholar, suggests that waivers to adult court be mandatory for serious crimes. Those espousing the crime control model believe that the overriding purpose is protection of the public, deterrence or violent juvenile behavior, and the incarceration of serious youthful offenders in the adult criminal justice system. The rehabilitative justice model view this as an attack on the juvenile justice system, but crime control advocates consider such steps a necessary response to a rising juvenile violence rate. Life in Adult Prison The Southwest Multi County Corrections Center, a two-story adult jail is the largest maximum-security program for juveniles under federal authority. The BOP paysShow MoreRelatedJuvenile in the Adult Prison1351 Words   |  6 PagesJuvenile Delinquency December 3, 2014 Juveniles in The Adult Prison Children as young as 14 years old have been tried as adults and are sentenced to die in prison without considering their age and the factors that led the individual to commit the offense. Society believes that a juvenile should be tried as an adult because it will help them understand the consequences of their actions, however, children and teenagers that commit crimes are too young and they don’t have the mental ability to understandRead MoreJuvenile Rehabilitation: Adult Prison vs. Juvenile Incarceration1703 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile Rehabilitation: Adult Prisons vs. Juvenile Incarceration Maureen Fries-Labra English 122 Anna Hopson December 14, 2009 Juvenile Rehabilitation: Adult Prisons vs. Juvenile Incarceration The criminal justice system has a branch for juvenile offenders. Established in the early twentieth century; it is the responsibility of this division to decide the fates of youthful offenders. This is administered by family court with support of social workers and family. With the increased numberRead MoreJuveniles Should Not Be Tried For Adult Prison1911 Words   |  8 Pages In the recent years, cases of juvenile crimes have been decreasing to its lower rates since the 1980’s which is good. However, there are still plenty of juvenile crimes happening. There has been a big debate going on about whether juveniles should be tried as adults or juveniles, and things just keep getting more and more out of hand. Juveniles are being tried as adults and that is unacceptable. Juveniles should not be tried in adult courts regardless of their crime because they are simply not preparedRead MoreSynthesis Essay- Juvenile Incarceration Into Adult Prisons1414 Words   |  6 PagesBoettch er 10/21/15 Pd.3 Synthesis Essay- Juvenile Incarceration into Adult Prisons Childhood is a time in which memories are created, adventures are explored and social awareness begins to develop. The events that occur during childhood are pivotal in the development of a healthy and substantial life. However, what if those experiences were taken from a child? What would the outcome be if a child could not experience what it is like to be young? Juvenile incarceration strips a person of their childhoodRead MoreIncarceration in An Adult Prison Increases Juvenile Crime Essay1751 Words   |  8 Pagesmeasures towards juvenile delinquency. Today juvenile law is governed by state and many states have enacted a juvenile code. However, in numerous cases, juveniles are transferred to adult court when juvenile courts waive or relinquish jurisdiction. Adolescents should not be tried in the adult court system or sentenced to adult penitentiarys on account of: teen brains are not mature which causes a lack of understanding towards the system, incarceration in an adult facilit y increases juvenile crime, andRead MoreThe Constitutionality Of The Juvenile Justice System1634 Words   |  7 PagesThe juvenile justice system has grown and changed substantially since 1899, when the nation’s first juvenile court was established in Illinois. Originally, the court process was informal often nothing more than a conversation between the youth and the judge and the defendant lacked legal representation. To replace confinement in jails with adults, the early juvenile courts created a probation system and used a separate service delivery system to provide minors with supervision, guidance, and educationRead MoreJuvenile Offenders And The Juvenile Justice System950 Words   |  4 Pages Since 1899 when the juvenile justice system was first created it has undergone quite a series of changes relative to how they go about the overall handling of juvenile offenders in the criminal justice system. In most states the only way for juveniles to be tried as adults is if they are over the age of 16 or if they have committed a violent crime such as rape or assault but recently many juveniles are being tried as adults for even far lesser crimes. It also has been well documented for a numberRead MoreShould Juvenile Offenders Be Considered?1521 Words   |  7 PagesShould juvenile offenders be considered a source of fear and subjected to incarceration in adult prisons or a part of society worthy of being rehabilitated? Juvenile delinquents are feared by many today. They are revered as violent, superpredators, a generation lost without a cause and without ethics or morals. Some may say that it becomes an act in futility to try to find a solution to the increased crime rate when it comes to juvenile offenders. In an effort to find a solution, any solutionRead MoreJuvenile Crime Law Is A Subcategory Of Juvenile Law937 Words   |  4 PagesJuvenile Crime Law is a subcategory of Juvenile Law. Although a type of criminal law, juvenile crime law only de als with under-age individuals, who are treated very differently than adults in criminal law, and usually have their own courts of law (Juvenile Criminal Law, n.d.). When it comes to crime, kids usually go through a different process than adults. But they still have to face consequences (Juvenile Crimes Juvenile Justice - Nolo.com, n.d.). Juvenile Criminal Law is a relevant issue inRead MoreComparing The Geo Group Inc. And The Campaign For Youth Justice1263 Words   |  6 PagesSociety has been plagued by the issue of juveniles being charged as adults and thus being sent to adult prisons. The problem surrounding this issue is that the youth are being forced to share cells with adult inmates; this leaves them more susceptible to assault. There are two stakeholders who hold opposite perspectives surrounding this: the GEO Group Inc. and the Campaign for Youth Justice. The Campaign for Youth Justice is fighting against this issue, whilst the GEO Group doesn t consider the

Night Creature Hunter’s Moon Chapter 12 Free Essays

I was headed toward the front of the bar when I caught a hint of cigarette smoke. Not too strange, especially around here, but the scent was hot, acrid – fresh. Someone had stepped outside for a drag or two. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Hunter’s Moon Chapter 12 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Why I decided to follow that smell I have no idea. Call it a hunch. I hear sometimes they’re even right. Retracing my steps, I strolled past the staircase that led up to my room, caught a billow of gray trailing from behind a shed halfway between the bar and the shack where Damien lived. I followed my nose around the corner of the building. The spotlights didn’t penetrate here, instead throwing their false sunshine over the roof and into the trees. Behind the shed, the air was cool, damp. Here darkness reigned, the only light a flicker of silver that filtered through the branches and the tiny glowing circle of red at the end of Damien’s cigarette. He leaned against the shed, head thrown back, lips pursed to take a long drag. As he exhaled, his eyes closed in bliss. I took a single step of retreat, meaning to sneak away before I disturbed him. â€Å"Don’t go,† he whispered. I hesitated. I shouldn’t be alone with Damien in the dark. I wanted things from him I had no business wanting. But in the end I stayed. Because I couldn’t make myself go. â€Å"I didn’t know you smoked.† I inched closer, sniffed the air, savored the aroma. Once I’d partaken of nearly every vice – alcohol, tobacco, drugs. Anything to take my mind off that night, anything to bring me closer to my loved ones, closer to death. Then Edward had showed me a way to make life worth living, and I’d had to give up all the things that made me less than aware. But I missed some of them – cigarettes in particular. I understood why people couldn’t quit. The habit both calmed and exhilarated, the rhythm soothing, the nicotine stimulating. â€Å"There are a lot of things you don’t know about me,† Damien said. â€Å"Wanna share some?† He lifted his hand to his mouth. I caught a hint of his tongue flicking at the filter, before he closed his lips around the tip. A trickle of awareness passed over me, and I rubbed at the rising goose bumps on my forearms. Damien drew on the cigarette. I breathed along with him – in, out – the effect just wasn’t the same. â€Å"No,† he said. It took me a moment to remember what in hell I’d asked. Oh, sharing his secrets. As if I’d expected him to say yes. I was drawn to both him and the scent of the smoke. He wore black again. I was beginning to wonder if he owned anything else. Smooth pale skin flashed between the open buttons of his shirt as he shifted in my direction and offered me a drag. I wanted to put my mouth where his had been with a desperation that frightened me. I took another step forward before I caught myself, shook my head. â€Å"Those things will kill you.† â€Å"I can only hope.† His words jerked my gaze from the cigarette to his face, which remained as unreadable as ever. â€Å"What’s that supposed to mean?† He shrugged and took another long pull, letting the smoke trail out his nose as he spoke. â€Å"In my line of work I’m more likely to get killed in a bar fight than by cancer.† â€Å"And you’d prefer cancer?† â€Å"Ever been stabbed? I wouldn’t recommend it.† His honesty left me speechless. Despite my violent profession, I was an upper-middle-class Kansas white girl at heart. Getting stabbed in a bar fight was beyond my realm of experience. Getting bitten by a werewolf was another story. â€Å"You could try a different line of work,† I suggested. His lips curved, but he didn’t bother to answer. I had the feeling he thought me naive, and I probably was. If he could get another job, he would. So what kept an attractive, reasonably intelligent man in a dead-end occupation? If I didn’t know better, I’d think he was a werewolf. Many of them were drifters who worked at odd jobs for cash. It was easier that way. No record of where you’d been when a bunch of people turned up dead. There was also the added problem of living long past the time that they should. Something wasn’t kosher when someone who looked twenty years old possessed the same Social Security number as a person born in 1925. Whenever I hunted a new city, I checked out the occupations where being paid in cash was a common occurrence – bartending, waitressing, construction. Of course there were those who found a way around this problem, faking their own deaths, manufacturing data, buying false identities, or hacking into government files. When you lived forever, you had a lot of time to practice useful skills. Damien lit a second cigarette from the butt of the first and continued to smoke with barely a hitch in the process. â€Å"Are you on break or something?† I asked. â€Å"Something.† Well, that was enlightening. â€Å"Do you – uh – work every night?† â€Å"Pretty much.† â€Å"There’s no other bartender?† â€Å"There was, but she took off.† â€Å"When?† â€Å"The night you showed up. That was why I was getting dressed so late for work. Sue didn’t come in. No one’s seen her since.† Uh-oh. I had a feeling I knew what had happened to Sue. Namely me. No one had reported her missing and probably ever would. â€Å"She worked nights, too?† A pertinent question. Werewolves had to hunt. It was their nature. They couldn’t go indefinitely without a kill. Like the Weendigo, they craved human flesh. In opposition to popular myth, werewolves didn’t automatically change beneath the moon. They had a choice – except on the night of the full moon. Those nights were busy for me and mine. â€Å"We switched off,† Damien continued. â€Å"Neither one of us liked to work the same shift all the time.† Interesting. Most people preferred to stick to a schedule. I know I did. â€Å"Now what’ll you do?† I asked. â€Å"Hire someone new. Maybe Cowboy. He’s in here all the time anyway.† I saw an opportunity and I took it. â€Å"Cowboy’s from here?† Damien shot me a suspicious glance. â€Å"No one’s from here. Except some of the Indians.† â€Å"No one?† â€Å"Not that I know of. People who are born here can’t wait to get out. People who visit can’t wait to move in.† He shook his head. â€Å"Go figure.† â€Å"Where’s Cowboy from?† â€Å"Cleveland?† He shrugged. I waited for him to laugh. From his expression, I’d be waiting until the next millennium. â€Å"You don’t know?† â€Å"I don’t ask. One thing you learn in my profession: Listening is OK. Questions aren’t.† Too bad questions were all I had. â€Å"What do I owe you for the groceries?† â€Å"Nothing.† â€Å"Come on. Let me pay you.† He shook his head. I could tell he wasn’t going to accept money from me. Feeling awkward, beholden, I muttered, â€Å"It was very nice of you.† He made a derisive sound and flicked the end of his cigarette into the dirt. â€Å"I don’t do nice.† Why did that sound both lewd and rude? He ground the dying embers into dust with his black sneaker, then lifted his eyes to mine. My breath felt trapped in my chest. I wanted to run, and I wanted to stay. He both confused and fascinated me. What was it about Damien that I found so attractive? He was nothing like Jimmy Renquist. Jimmy had been tall, broad, blond. A laughing, sunny boy who never got to be a man. Damien was dark, slim, haunted. He rarely smiled; I couldn’t imagine his laughter. The shadows in his eyes made him seem as old as some of the trees that surrounded this place. I was drawn to those shadows, captivated by the darkness I sensed in him. It called to the darkness in me. The air held a night chill, but I wasn’t cold. Instead, my skin burned wherever his gaze touched. â€Å"I didn’t buy you groceries to be nice,† he continued. â€Å"I wanted you to owe me.† â€Å"How much?† My voice was barely a whisper. â€Å"I don’t want money.† â€Å"What then?† He moved toward me and I tensed, tempted again to flee. The shadows were gone from his eyes, chased away by the heat. He was no longer calm and cool but wired, his steps both hurried and determined. I held my ground. I’d faced scarier things than him, and in truth, I hadn’t been this aroused in a lifetime. He stopped, so close I had to bend my neck to see his face. â€Å"I wanted you to owe me,† he repeated. â€Å"I wanted you to give me this.† His mouth crushed mine in an openmouthed kiss. There was no giving involved. He took the kiss as he took my tongue and tasted. I could have gotten away. Getting away was what I did. If I’d decided I didn’t want this, Damien Fitzgerald would have been lying on the ground writhing in an instant. As it was, I was writhing, because I wanted so much more than a kiss. The flavor of tobacco reminded me of a time when insanity had ruled me, as it ruled me now. My fingers slipped between the open buttons of his shirt and found their way across the silky expanse of his chest. His muscles rippled, coming alive beneath my hands. I nipped his lip, then soothed the hurt with my tongue. Without warning he spun me around, pressed my back against the wall of the shed, and laid his body against the length of mine. I was short – he wasn’t tall; still his erection pulsed in a much higher location than I would have liked. With a groan, he lifted me, wrapping my legs around his waist, and suddenly everything fit together just fine. He was hard, hot; the friction of our clothes only drove me faster toward the madness. It had been so long. I was on the verge of orgasm in seconds. His palm cupped my neck, shifted my head. He gentled the kiss even as his fingers drifted lower, across my collarbone and the slight swell of my breasts. He slipped my tank top from my shoulder. Cool night air bathed my skin. I shuddered as my breasts tingled in reaction, the nipples tightening, even before he touched me. The contrast of hot and cold, rough and gentle, the firm thrust of his body against mine, made me come in a sudden mind-numbing wave that left me limp, breathless, and damp – everywhere. He lifted his head. By an odd trick of moonlight his eyes glittered silver instead of gold. His mouth was wet, swollen. I reached up to touch his face and he flinched. Slowly I lowered my hand, wondering what his life must have been like if the slightest gesture made him wary. Even though we’d just shared something I’d shared with only two others, I still couldn’t ask him why. A door opened and shut nearby. Voices, music, laugh-ter. Someone was leaving the bar. Damien shifted, shielding me with his body, even though no one could see us at this angle, in this light. A car door slammed. An engine. Seconds later they were gone. Both of us were breathing heavily, harshly, the sound loud in the suddenly silent night. Damien slid my top onto my shoulder, and the movement brought me back to the earth. â€Å"Put me down.† He hesitated and I tensed, prepared to make him. But he let go of my legs and my thighs slid along his until my feet hit the ground. Why that last touch seemed more intimate than all the others I couldn’t say. But my face flared and my stomach rolled. What had I done? Given in to the wildness I kept buried inside. A wild-ness that had gotten me nothing but trouble the only other time I’d set it free. The flare of a match, a flame illuminated his face. I wanted to kiss him again, taste him, touch the hollows at his cheeks with my fingertips. He glanced at me as he drew on another cigarette. The smoke trailed out of his mouth as he spoke. â€Å"I’ve been thinking of nothing but you all day. You’re not my type, but maybe that’s why you’re so tempting.† I looked away. God, he reminded me of – Suddenly Damien stood right next to me, and I hadn’t even seen him move. â€Å"When I touch you do I leave a mark, a blotch, a smudge?† His long, supple finger trailed down my arm. I lifted my eyes to his. â€Å"I can’t see anything,† he whispered. â€Å"Except you.† For an instant I was dazzled by his words, captivated by his smell, his heat and strength. Then I heard all of what he’d said, and it made me wonder†¦ â€Å"What did you do?† Something flickered in his eyes, too fast for me to see if it was a lie or the truth. â€Å"Nothing I won’t do again,† he said, and walked away. The only thing left behind was the scent of smoke and the whisper of his touch. Despite the suspicion that he was much more than he seemed, both still tempted me – more than anything had ever tempted me before. How to cite Night Creature: Hunter’s Moon Chapter 12, Essay examples

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

Question: Recent decline in the global oil prices has shown the overarching influence and impact of OPEC member states collective energy policies on the global energy security vis--vis both the oil industry and national economies. Critically discuss different policy measures that Non OPEC member states can take to mitigate the impact of OPECs current trend as an international oil producer cartel? Answer: 1. Introduction 1.1 OPEC The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is an intergovernmental organization which was founded at the Baghdad Conference on 10th to 14th of September 1960. It was formed initially by Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Venezuela and Saudi Arabia (Aalto, 2015). They were later on joined by nine more members like Qatar in 1961, Indonesia in 1962, Libya in 1962, UAE in 1967, Algeria in 1969, Nigeria in 1971, Ecuador in 1973, Angola in 2007 and Gabon from 1975-1994. However, the membership of Indonesia was suspended from January 2009, and that of Ecuador from December 1992 to October 2007. The headquarters of OPEC was in Geneva, Switzerland during the first five years of its operations. On 1st of September 1965, it was moved to Vienna in Austria (Blanchet, 2015).The primary objective of OPEC is to bring in co-ordination and unification in the petroleum policies among the member countries. In this way the organization can keep the prices for the petroleum producing countries fair and stable. By controlling the petroleum producing nations, it can ensure efficient, uninterrupted supply of petroleum to the countries who import these petroleum products. The organization also looks after the interests of the investors who invest in this industry. It ensures a Return of Capital (ROC) to the stakeholders that is fair and just. The leadership team includes Mr. Diezani Alison-Madueke, who is the President and Mr. Abdallah el-Badri, who is the Secretary General of the organization (Carvajal et al. 2013). Figure 1: The office of the OPEC (Source: nationofchange.org, 2014) 1.2 Non OPEC The Non OPEC producers consist of all the countries in the world which produce petroleum products but are not members of the OPEC. There are around 30 Non OPEC countries in the world which deserve special mention on the basis of production (Serrano et al. 2013). These are as Russia, US, China, Mexico, Canada, Norway, Brazil, Kazakhstan, UK, Azerbaijan, Indonesia, Oman, India, Colombia, Argentina, Malaysia, Egypt, Australia, Sudan, Syria, Equatorial Guinea, Yemen, Vietnam, Congo Brazzaville, Denmark, Gabon, Brunei, Trinidad Tobago and Tunisia. It may be noted that 60 percent of the worlds oil production comes from the Non OPEC countries. They face various problems related to production. It has been observed by the experts that the Non OPEC countries have primitive wells which are less productive. They also have to face rising costs for the upcoming projects. They also face higher demands at their domestic market that leads to decrease in exports. The rising prices have made the tough oil projects more attractive which has led to increase in unconventional production of oil but that may also change. Fall in Non OPEC production occurs when investment becomes difficult in new petroleum production as a result of the credit markets becoming tight, volatility of oil prices and nationalism of resources (Chang et al. 2013).The National Petroleum Council has conducted a study in 2007 which shows that the international oil market is in the threshold of a time where the demand is increasing while the supplies remain limited. According to the Energy Information Agency of the US Energy Department, out of the fifteen of the leading oil producers of the world, seven are outside of the OPEC (Creti et al. 2015). Figure 2: OPEC and Non OPEC oil supply comparison (Source: therationalpessimist.com, 2015) 2. The policies adopted by the Non OPEC countries to reduce monopoly of the OPEC countries The Non OPEC countries have for long been just at the mercy of the OPEC countries. All the oil issues relating to the petroleum production across the globe are regulated by the OPEC members. The Non OPECs have to follow the guidelines and norms set by the monopoly organization. Since the last few years, the production of crude oil by the Non OPEC countries is increasing substantially. The actual output has beaten the estimates (Nguyen et al. 2015).In the fourth quarter of 2014 the output from the outside countries outnumbered the budgeted figures. To compete with the OPEC countries, the Non OPECs have significantly increased their production. They have given special focus to improve their old-fashioned wells and other limitation of resources and labor. Presently, the Non OPEC growth in oil supply is somewhere around 2.04 million barrels per day. In 2015, the Non OPEC growth is expected to be around 0.85 million barrels per day (Frisari et al. 2015). This can put pressure on the carte l. This strategy has helped the Non OPEC to increase the production average to 56.33 million barrels per day in 2014. As per the monthly oil market report of the OPEC, in 2015, the Non OPEC oil supply is estimated at an average of 57.16 million barrels per day which indicates a growth of 0.85 million barrels per day. This strategy of production and marketing will help the Non OPEC countries to keep a check on prices by maintaining a steady supply (Stadelmann et al. 2015). The projections show a rise of 18% in total oil production worldwide from the Non OPECs from the year 2002 to 2025. Russia, Africa and the Caspian region are mention worthy in this regard. But it accounts for a 30% shortage in the projected demand. What these non OPEC countries should do in order to counter the eternal autonomy of the cartel may be discussed under the following heads: 2.1 To counter the authoritative strategies of the OPEC One of the leading OPEC countries, Saudi Arabia, is demanding that the non OPEC countries should cut down on their oil production. The Saudi Arabian Minister of Oil, Mr. Ali al-Naimi, has maintained that the organizations outside the OPEC will have to decrease their production. This shows the pride of the OPEC countries in their own thought process and they are keen to protect their own interest ahead of all the other petroleum producing nations of the world. The Non OPEC countries should show more determination in countering them. There should be more open discussions at the international level about this issue (Greening, 2014). 2.2 To oppose the global market oil price plummet effected by the OPEC Saudi Arabia has made a clear stand that it will not decrease the crude oil production under any circumstance, rather it will keep the prices low (Jotzo et al. 2014). The oil minister of Saudi Arabia is trying to influence the Non OPEC producers to cut down on their production instead. This will ensure the supremacy of the OPEC nations in the global oil market. It is quite evident that the OPEC nations do not want any other countries outside its boundary to gain supremacy as oil producer in the world (Mulder et al. 2013).The US has been one of the leading oil producers outside the OPEC nation. The famous Shale Oil of the US is providing a tough competition to the OPECs. Canada is also the other leading producer of petroleum. All these countries are cause of concern for Saudi Arabia and the other OPEC countries. This is a good sign for the Non OPEC producers. They are slowly beginning to impact the global oil market (Bristow et al. 2015). 2.3 The advantages of the OPEC countries in terms of resources The OPEC organizations have huge resources of petroleum. They are much bigger and precious than the reserves of the non-conventional oil producers (Sander, 2013).These reserves have much developed facilities and infrastructure. These advantages allow the countries like Saudi Arabia to keep the oil prices low without decreasing production. But for the other countries which are outside the OPEC, this luxury is not available. This is because they do not have such big reserves of petroleum. Hence they cannot dictate terms in the global oil market. The remedy is to invest more to develop the wells and resources and look out for new areas of drilling which will increase the resources and in turn there will be more production and supply. Then the unconventional producers will slowly dictate prices in the market and prove to be a tough challenge for the OPECs (Stern, 2014). 2.4 Search for new resources and drilling sites The Non OPEC producers should conduct an extensive research work on the availability of new resources within their respective countries. As the old resources of petroleum get depleted, there should always be new resources which will ensure the continuity in oil production over decades. Hence the governments of the countries should make significant investment in this regard and look out for new drilling sites. Many countries have found resources in unknown locations which were never explored before. They should invest on better drilling equipments and on skilled manpower (Snowden et al. 2013). 2.5 Reduce the cost of oil production In the words of Al-Naimi, the market share of North America in oil production will decrease by 2015. This he accounted to the high production costs of oil in North America. This will reduce the abundance of supply in the oil market as the demand for oil at such a high price will be less. This will hamper the export from North America and boost export from the OPEC countries which have kept the oil prices at a comparatively lower level. Thus, the unconventional oil producers should aim at reducing the oil prices to the extent possible in order to compete with OPEC producers, otherwise they will continue to gain upper hand (Zhang et al. 2014). 2.6 Building a better relationship with the OPECs The Non OPECs should strive to build a better and friendlier relationship with the OPECs. For the sake of success, sometimes it is required to make friendship with the rivals. This will help to create better understanding and a relatively warmth in between the OPECs and Non OPECs. This will also ensure a relatively smooth place for sharing dialogues and ideas. This requires the unconventional producers to be more prudent and smart in forming various relationship strategies. There should be a healthy competition between the two parties. This will create a more acceptance in the mind of the OPEC producers for the Non OPECs and may bring about a positive change in the global oil market. A hand in hand planning and action for the development of petroleum industry around the world will ultimately benefit the nations. This might even create more opportunities for sustainable development and even many innovations (Sohail, 2015). 3. Conclusion It is very evident that currently the oil market is dominated by the OPECs. They are the leaders in global oil production and supply. They formulate all the policies and strategies relating to petroleum production. They have kept the Non OPECs under their supremacy. But this single dominance by the powerful needs to be diminished a little in order to show them that there are other nations also, who can be a challenge for them. For this reason some policies need to be formulated by the unconventional oil producers hand in hand. They have for long remained under the shadow of the powerful. It is now their time to show the world their mettle and capabilities in the oil industry. This will create a healthy competition in the global oil market. 4. Recommendations The Non OPECs shall be very brave to deal with the eternal leaders of the oil market. If the strategies formed are implemented and reviewed from time to time, then a day will come when the OPECs will start to consider them as a potent competitor and treat them with due respect. It is said in history that every empire falls one day and who knows, this eternal high-headedness and pride of the OPEC nations might be challenged by the minnows in recent future. But that will only create a much better environment for the entire oil industry in the world. The world can expect a better oil industry which will look after the benefit of the consumers and the society at large. 5. Reference list References Aalto, P. (2015). Corrigendum to Institutions in European and Asian energy markets: A methodological overview  [Energy Policy 74 (2014) 415]. Energy Policy. Blanchet, T. (2015). Struggle over energy transition in Berlin: How do grassroots initiatives affect local energy policy-making?. Energy Policy, 78, pp.246-254. Carvajal, S., Serrano, J. and Arango, S. (2013). Colombian ancillary services and international connections: Current weaknesses and policy challenges. Energy Policy, 52, pp.770-778. Chang, C. and Chang, C. (2013). Energy conservation for international dry bulk carriers via vessel speed reduction. Energy Policy, 59, pp.710-715. Creti, A. and Nguyen, D. (2015). Energy markets financialization, risk spillovers, and pricing models. Energy Policy. Frisari, G. and Stadelmann, M. (2015). De-risking concentrated solar power in emerging markets: The role of policies and international finance institutions. Energy Policy, 82, pp.12-22. Greening, L. (2014). Energy Policy: Publishing ethics. Energy Policy, 71, pp.2-3. Jotzo, F. and Lschel, A. (2014). Emissions trading in China: Emerging experiences and international lessons. Energy Policy, 75, pp.3-8. Mulder, P. and de Groot, H. (2013). Dutch sectoral energy intensity developments in international perspective, 19872005. Energy Policy, 52, pp.501-512. Ogunlowo, O., Bristow, A. and Sohail, M. (2015). Developing compressed natural gas as an automotive fuel in Nigeria: Lessons from international markets. Energy Policy, 76, pp.7-17. Rexhuser, S. and Lschel, A. (2015). Invention in energy technologies: Comparing energy efficiency and renewable energy inventions at the firm level. Energy Policy. Sander, M. (2013). Conceptual proposals for measuring the impact of international regimes on energy security. Energy Policy, 63, pp.449-457. Stern, J. (2014). International gas pricing in Europe and Asia: A crisis of fundamentals. Energy Policy, 64, pp.43-48. Tang, X., Snowden, S. and Hk, M. (2013). Analysis of energy embodied in the international trade of UK. Energy Policy, 57, pp.418-428. Wu, G. and Zhang, Y. (2014). Does China factor matter? An econometric analysis of international crude oil prices. Energy Policy, 72, pp.78-86. Zhang, D., Broadstock, D. and Cao, H. (2014). International oil shocks and household consumption in China. Energy Policy, 75, pp.146-156.